Zymoseptoria tritici: a major threat to wheat production, integrated approaches to control. doi: 10.1094/MPMI-22-7-0790. All varieties of bread wheat and durum wheat are susceptible to the disease to some extent, but planting varieties that have at least partial resistance to the local population of Zymoseptoria tritici can greatly improve yield. Technical Abstract: Zymoseptoria tritici is the causal agent of septoria tritici blotch (STB), a disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum) that results in significant yield loss worldwide. 124, 1027–1038. A single lesion can originate from just one spore. (2011). CEBiP was originally identified as a chitin receptor in rice (OsCEBiP) (Kaku et al., 2006) and is a membrane-anchored extracellular protein that is predicted to be heavily glycosylated (Kaku et al., 2006). UC Davis Agron. The novel Cladosporium fulvum lysin motif effector Ecp6 is a virulence factor with orthologues in other fungal species. Chitin-induced activation of immune signaling by the rice receptor CEBiP relies on a unique sandwich-type dimerization. The last method of control for Zymoseptoria tritici is biological control using bacteria. "Finished Genome of the Fungal Wheat Pathogen, Henze M., Beyer M., Klink H. & Verreet J.-A. Back to basics and beyond: increasing the level of resistance to Septoria tritici blotch in wheat. Deployment of single resistance genes rarely provides durable disease resistance as avirulent isolates of a target pathogen need only to escape this single recognition event in order to regain virulence. Disease cycle. We finish by speculating on how some of these recent fundamental discoveries might be harnessed to help improve resistance to STB in the world’s second largest food crop. In addition, a large number of quantitative trait loci (QTL), which make smaller contributions to the Z. tritici resistance phenotype, have been mapped genetically. doi: 10.1016/j.fgb.2015.04.010, Vleeshouwers, V. G., and Oliver, R. P. (2014). From the pycnidia, conidiospores, the asexual spores of the fungus, are released. (2008). Jackson, L. F., Dubcovsky, J., Gallagher, L. W., Wennig, R. L., Heaton, J., Vogt, R. L., et al. Histology of the pathogenesis of Mycosphaerella graminicola in wheat. 7:508. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00508. Zymoseptoria tritici spreads to susceptible host plants by asexual pycnidiospores and sexual ascospores which, following germination, infect the wheat leaf via the stomata (reviewed in Brennan et al.,2019). Symptoms & Diagnosis. We constructed and analyzed the pangenome of Zymoseptoria tritici, a major pathogen of wheat that evolved host specialization by chromosomal rearrangements and gene deletions. Molecular mechanisms underlying morphogenesis during infection process of Z. tritici are poorly understood. Septoria tritici is the most important wheat disease in the UK. With this in mind, it is worth noting that US wheat breeders have been actively deploying two major resistance genes, Stb1 and Stb4, since the early 1970s (Goodwin, 2007). [10], Asexual state (anamorph, asexual stage was previously named as Septoria tritici): Pycnidiospores are hyaline and threadlike and measure 1.7-3.4 x 39-86 μm, with 3 to 7 indistinct septations. In comprehensive worldwide wheat germplasm screening programs, a number of exotic as well as synthetic wheat genotypes have been identified as good sources of STB resistance.
The implementation of an effector-directed breeding program against Ptr (discussed above) is a prime example of how fundamental research can lead to low-cost, time-saving tools for the benefit of agriculture. Macroscopically visible dead leaf areas then expand to form irregularly-shaped blotches (lesions) in which fungal asexual sporulation structures called pycnidia develop. 20, 178–193. Zymoseptoria tritici can survive for several years in the form of vegetative strands (mycelium), pycnidia and/or perithecia in wheat residues. The fungus Zymoseptoria tritici is the causal agent of Septoria Tritici Blotch (STB) disease of wheat leaves.Zymoseptoria tritici secretes many functionally uncharacterized effector proteins during infection. The dimorphic fungal pathogen, Zymoseptoria tritici undergoes discrete developmental changes to complete its life cycle on wheat. [8], Zymoseptoria tritici overwinters as fruiting bodies on crop debris, mostly as pseudothecia (sexual fruiting bodies) but sometimes also some pycnidia (asexual fruiting bodies). 27, 196–206. doi: 10.1093/femsre/fuu003, Shetty, N. P., Jensen, J. D., Knudsen, A., Finnie, C., Geshi, N., Blennow, A., et al. For Ptr ToxA, effector sensitivity correlates with disease susceptibility across a collection of wheat cultivars (reviewed in Faris et al., 2013). Plant Pathol. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1312099111. Presence of the Stb6 gene for resistance to Septoria tritici blotch (Mycosphaerella graminicola) in cultivars used in wheat-breeding programmes worldwide. Transcriptome and metabolite profiling the infection cycle of Zymoseptoria tritici on wheat (Triticum aestivum) reveals a biphasic interaction with plant immunity involving differential pathogen chromosomal contributions, and a variation on the hemi-biotrophic lifestyle definition.
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