This . The characteristics of people who share a common and distinctive racial, national, religious, linguistic, or cultural heritage. January 29, 2022 by Sagar Aryal The germ theory of disease is the currently accepted scientific theory for many diseases. Being an archipelago consisting of 7,107 islands, the Philippines has approximately 175 ethnolinguistic groups with their own unique cultural identity and health practices. Soc Sci Med. Two principal etiologies are identified: personalistic and naturalistic. This paper argues that disease etiology is the key to cross-cultural comparison of non- Western medical systems. Medical and cultural considerations. What are Demonic and divine Theory and Ecological theory of disease? Article Mishra SI, Hess J, Luce PH. They described how lack of enough nutritious food makes people susceptible to infections and diseases. Google Scholar. Health effects of social isolation, loneliness. These postulates enabled the germ theory of disease to achieve dominance in medicine over other theories, such as humors and miasma. Research has linked social isolation and loneliness to higher risks for a variety of physical and mental conditions: high blood pressure, heart disease, obesity, a weakened immune system, anxiety, depression, cognitive decline, Alzheimer's disease, and even death. Am Anthropol. Hippocrates; Yellow Bile, Black Bile, Phlegm and Blood Miasma Theory: 500 BC Miasmas are poisonous emanations from putrefying carcasses, vegetables, molds and also the invisible particles. We would also like to acknowledge the University of Toronto for giving the first author an opportunity to obtain advanced training in qualitative data organization and analysis during a visit to Toronto, Canada. These two ideas were fully appreciated . Wilson. Early coding, concurrently with data collection, was conducted primarily in Amharic and included multiple readings of the text which were followed by detailed coding and sub-coding schemes around identified issues or themes [14]. Ann N Y Acad Sci. Due to restrictions set by the Addis Ababa University, College of Health Science Institutional Review Board, data are available upon request by contacting the corresponding author. 12. Data obtained from observations and conversations were recorded in field notes, photographs, and audio-recordings. Keywords. Genetic counseling of the deaf. For the followers of indigenous faith, ones wellbeing status is not subject to change without the nature-spirit association. Supernatural explanations also dominated the discourse of ill-health causation in our study. Learning from strangers: the art and method of qualitative interview studies. He died from Parkinson's disease in 2014, aged 85. . Various social, cultural, and religious norms produce and reinforce gender inequality and the stereotypical gender roles that underpin gender-based violence. Atkinson S, Haran D. Individual and district scale determinants of users satisfaction with primary health care in developing countries. Oxford: Clarendon; 1964. Medicine finally shed the rags of dogma and superstition and put on the robes of scientific knowledge. For the followers of indigenous faith, ones health status is not balanced without the nature-spirit connection. Nigeria is now the second largest HIV disease burden in the world after South Africa which has 7.1 million (19% of global epidemic) burden of the disease, though prevalence is stable at 3.4% [38,39]. Similar to Murdock, a key category of causes of ill-health was the supernatural described by members of the study community as forces capable of putting spells on human beings. Parks textbook of preventive and social medicine. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Tehuledere was selected for the study because of the rich and unique indigenous medicinal beliefs, and practices in the area. Seven common Filipino cultural beliefs are presented in this paper namamana, lihi, sumpa, gaba, pasma, namaligno, and kaloob ng Diyos. For example, if a man cheats on his wife, this could cause illnesses: A person will be healthy when he settles at home, and is not cheating on his wife. Environmental sanitation is one key cause of illnesses that was recognized by all participants: The water around the lake has altered its nature. PMC The third theory is the sociobiology theory; the focus of biologist E.O. A valuable and interesting world survey of aboriginal theories of disease causation has been made by Clements.1 The types and distributions of ithe theories which he pre-sents embrace well the main methods of interpreting disease in simpler societies; yet the basic analysis of disease causation concepts which he employs needs a little further Google Scholar. Not listening to them means we are exacerbating the disease we have [Female, Study Community # 2]. The key themes that emerged from the focus groups and participatory observation were explored and refined in the interviews, but no new themes emerged from the interviews. . Dime (1995:30-31) argues that the diagnosis of diseases in an African traditional healing system is a twofold event. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Promot Educ Suppl. Exploring the rigging claims in Nigeria's elections Enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more from Scribd. Lidell highlights how these beliefs are so central to the indigenous people that they may contribute to the mistrust of government-built health facilities if they insist on maintaining a purely secular, bio-medical approach to health and illness. A. It is a commonly held view, both from the Nigerian literature and from anecdotal evidence, that life is . For example, there are beliefs that health problems and/or an illness or death will occur if one gives false witness in front of Jamea (a group of community opinion leaders, usually Muslim clergy). Health is primarily that state in which these constituent substances are in the correct proportion to each other, both in strength and quantity, and are well mixed. 2nd ed. Gordis, L. (2014). BMC Public Health power point presentation, Epidemiology and preventive veterinary medicine.docx1, Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University, University of Amsterdam and University College London, Herbal Antimicrobials to Counter AMR.pptx. . We would like to thank the study participants and Tehuledere Woreda Health Bereau staff, as well as our research assistants for their great support to facilitate the data collection of study. In 1890 Robert Koch proposed specific criteria that should be met before concluding that a disease was caused by a particular bacterium. Germ theory was first clearly stated by an Italian physician named Girolamo Fracastoro in the mid-1500s. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co.; 1970. p. 31527. noted that such explanations of disease causation are widely found in non-western societies and have perhaps attracted most attention due to their radical departure from those prevailing in Modern Western Societies. Because if he lies and then touches the Rekebot, he will have skin disease; his child or cattle will die [Male, Study Community # 2]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. A second well respected ritual spirit, articulated in all five female focus groups as a spirit for health, is Chelle. Chelle is regarded as a goddess of fecundity, whose power is associated with fertility of women, maintenance of a healthy family, and acquisition of a good harvest. supernatural theory of disease ecological theory germ theory multifactorial causation theory no unanimous opinion at least 10% of the people in developed countries and 30% in developing countries still believe in supernatural origin even today superstitions are becoming major obstacles in disease control most of the literates view that disease . FOIA We've encountered a problem, please try again. Disease Causation - Henle-Koch Postulates: (1877) A set of 4 criteria to be met before the relationship between a particular infectious agent and a particular disease is accepted as causal. The people in this area are members of the Amhara ethnic group and are largely Muslims. Foster M, Anderson B. Bookshelf Accordingly, people used to please the gods by prayers and offerings or used to resort to witchcraft to tame the devils. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. Theory of illness causation is an important issue in all biomedical sciences, and solid etiological explanations are needed in order to develop therapeutic approaches in medicine and preventive interventions in public health. Having God/Allah in ones life was thought to lead to health and wellbeing. Miller addresses in a coherent and thoughtful way the problems faced by the Westerner who seeks to study African literature without colonizing that discourse. MeSH Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. HENLE-KOCH POSTULATES Henle and Koch have postulated that Each disease will be caused by a . This broad category includes five distinct types of natural causes of illness: infection, stress, organic deterioration, accident, and overt human aggression. PubMed Sanders Thompson VL, Johnson-Jennings M, Baumann AA, Proctor E. Use of culturally focused theoretical frameworks for adapting diabetes prevention programs: a qualitative review. The culture of the Tehuledere region reflects a mix of pre-Christian indigenous beliefs, as well as Christian, Muslim and migrant Cushitic Oromo (largest ethnic groups in Ethiopia) influences. The site is secure. The capital of the Woreda, Haik, is situated 430 kms away from Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia. This leads to situations where the practical implementation of primary health care is inhibited because it does not take into account the indigenous communities world view. Disease Causation; Theories; Models. It is hoped that the model of illness causation identified in this study will help to enhance the rural health plan for the 5 villages of Tehuledere Woreda and beyond. Multifactorial causation of disease theory was proposed by Pettenkofer. New York: Oxford University press; 2012. Each transcript was coded line by line and these codes were organized into higher-order conceptual themes. Thousand Oaks: Sage; 2001. p. 187200. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! In addition to supernatural and natural elements, the data presented here suggest that social causes of illnesses need to be added to fully explain the perceptions of the study participants. They also articulated the role of natural causes and social relationships in maintaining good health. The sample was diverse in terms of age and sex and agro-ecological condition of the setting. Many respondents identified lying as a cause of ill-health. He carefully reflected on how the data collection process influenced his own perceptions, and how other people respond to him. Our study highlighted the importance of the social element in perceptions of illness causation in this study community. Dr. Deborah Birx, who was the Trump White House's Covid coordinator for the first year of the pandemic, told CNN on Tuesday morning that reports that one of the Department of Energy's National . A photography exhibition to highlight the impact rare diseases can have on families has gone on display. The first authors (MHK) native status offered both opportunities and limitations for the study [19]. Firstly, the organic or physical cause of the sickness has to be established by careful examination and questioning by the medicine man. If God wants you to live healthy, then you live healthy [Female, Study Community # 1]. The present study used a qualitative descriptive design with semi-structured interviews to gain a deeper understanding of the phenomena. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. For example, Wadaja, a communal prayer ceremony, is a common rite practiced in Tehuluedere. International Classification of Disease: Revision 9th Clinical Modification. 5th, Millennium edition U.S Department of Health and Human Services; 2000. Study participants were adults over 30years of age identified by health extension workers in the area to be knowledgeable about local health traditions who were willing to participate in a conversation about their health. Ethiop J Health Dev. Sicknesses, epidemics, contagious diseases and even death were explained in terms of punishment by enraged qolle spirits. Theories of Disease January 20, 2022 by Sagar Aryal A disorder of structure or function in a human, animal, or plant, especially one that produces specific signs and symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not simply a direct result of physical injury is called a disease. Webs of Causation: Epidemiological concept. Until now, the literature about the theoretical underpinnings of illness causation research has been scarce and fragmented, and lacking a convenient summary. Alice Barrett is in hospital with myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME), and cannot feed herself. Peterson DR. For example, if someone violated the trust of a significant other or another member of the community, they believed the consequence would be illnesses. These forces also have the ability to heal one from these spells. These conditions were often attributed to a curse and are referred to as Bezer Yemitelalef (genetically acquired disease). The connection between ill-health and lying needs further exploration for indigenous groups like this. Disclaimer. They were very similar to the focus group participants in their demographic characteristics. The health extension workers also helped to select 96 participants for 10 focus group discussions and 20 individuals (two from each focus groups) were selected purposively for follow-up individual interviews based on their demonstrated knowledge and ability to describe their experiences in the focus groups. We will also share examples on how these common beliefs provide explanation as cause of illness and its implications in our genetic counseling profession. Activate your 30 day free trialto continue reading. Another example is the initiation of men by the Abegar, a name given to male community opinion leaders who are regarded as human agents who invoke the cult as the instigator of ill-health. Understanding perceptions of the causes of ill-health common in indigenous communities may help policy makers to design effective integrated primary health care strategies to serve these communities. 2022 Apr;10(4):893-900. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2022.01.010. These small organisms, too small to see without magnification, invade humans, other animals, and other living hosts. Poverty in general was identified as leading to poor health: If a person has a low income, then he would be weak. Medical anthropology. A more interesting finding was that they also articulated how important social relationships are in maintaining good health. The current Ethiopian indigenous health strategy (the National health strategies with regard to Indigenous Solution reported in March 2015) acknowledges the need to support components of indigenous medication including recommendations to explore potential beneficial aspects [31]. An official website of the United States government. 2022 Jun;46(6):1437-1438. doi: 10.1007/s00264-022-05395-0. Theory of web of causation was given by Mc Mohan and Pugh. Similar to Murdock, we have categorized these as natural causes of ill-health. A historical overview of traditional medicine practices and policy in Ethiopia. He attended St. Xaviers College, Maitighar, Kathmandu, Nepal, to complete his Master of Science in Microbiology. Social Research Methods. The French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur, the English surgeon Joseph Lister, and the German physician Robert Koch are given much of the credit for development and acceptance of the theory. Simple statistics like frequency distribution, percentile were used. The first is the monocausal view and emerges from the "conquest" of the infectious diseases. It states that microorganisms known as pathogens or "germs" can lead to disease. 2010;20:84558. The practice of epidemiology. However, the germ theory of disease has many limitations. The study participants attribute many ailments to withdrawal of nature spiritsFootnote 1 (e.g., qolle or quteb, wuqabi, awlia, zar and jinn) protection and wrath. 2015;29(2):12736. The relationship between diseases and their causes can be approached from different starting-points. Other studies suggest that different societies give varying degrees of importance to theories of natural compared to supernatural causes of illness [1113]. Social change theory was used in this paper. 2022 Apr;13(2):183-191. doi: 10.1007/s12687-021-00543-2. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. 1983;17(16):120511. Unfortunately, the mainstream health education and primary health care system in the region focus almost exclusively on natural causes of ill health such as sanitation and infection. Tap here to review the details. Bryman A. The use of open-ended questions, as well as informal conversations with informants on topics they themselves raised, were among the ways pursued to mitigate these challenges. Initially Neolithic (New Stone Age), the Nok culture made the transition to the Iron Age. 1976;4:77382. The remaining 3% of the population live in the malaria free highlands. Our study highlights the importance of understanding the perceptions of causes of ill health and disease in the study communities as a guide to how best to implement public health initiatives in the region. Part of Reading: Gordon and Breach Science; 1992. Too often, indigenous medicine is criticized as harmful traditions as if it was a threat to human health. Some believe that the soul goes out from the body and wanders, a phenomenon known as Bangungot, or that having nightmares after a heavy meal may result in death. Itis a particular abnormal, pathological condition that affects part or all of an organism. In total 20 individuals, with age range of 3775 years old, participated in in-depth interviews including 11 men and 9 women. Culturally-based attitudes about seeking treatment and trusting traditional medicines and folk remedies are rooted in core belief systems about illness causation, i.e., naturalistic, Ayurvedic, biomedical, etc. Soc Sci Med. All focus group discussions and interviews were conducted, audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim in Amharic. Philosophy. They speak Amharic, Ethiopias official language. Bull World Health Organ. Epub 2016 Sep 11. In clinical medicine we are confronted by a patient P with certain complaints, and eventually a diagnosis is reached because the clinical findings suggest that P has a certain disease D.Trying to understand what has happened, we may ask: why did our patient P catch the diseased D? Felipe-Dimog EB, Tumulak MJR, Laurino MY, Daack-Hirsch S, Silao CLT, Conaco MCG, Padilla CD, Estacio LR Jr. J Community Genet. Activate your 30 day free trialto unlock unlimited reading. Nature spirit- in Tehuledere, is the belief in qolle or quteb, wodaja, mewokel and chele spirits that is, venerating certain natural objects as sacred and the abode of spirits. This study found that among the Tehuledere there are a wide range of perceptions regarding the causation of illness. 2015 Apr;24(2):213-24. doi: 10.1007/s10897-015-9823-y. Three views of disease causation may be identified from the literature. PubMedGoogle Scholar. The ascription of misfortunes to natural objects pervaded by spirits seems to have been prevalent where by sicknesses, epidemic or contagious diseases and even death were explained in terms of punishment by enraged spirits. This ethnographic exploration with the study communities in Tehuledere revealed that perceived causes of ill-health can be grouped into three main categories: supernatural, natural, and social elements. Five rural communities (one from each of the five Kebeles) were included in the study. In contrast a stable home and family was seen as an important contributor to health. The child becomes stunted due to his inability to have a linear growth. The emphasis on culture in our genetic counseling training recognizes its crucial role in molding an individual's conceptualization of health, as well as other life aspects, especially since the Filipino culture is a mixture of indigenous as well as imported and borrowed elements. Ogbogu PU, Noroski LM, Arcoleo K, Reese BD Jr, Apter AJ. Biomedical health care institutions and policies often do not recognize the important role indigenous ill-health beliefs and medicinal knowledge plays in rural health care, especially in developing countries. 2023 The Biology Notes. Interviews lasted 11.25h, were conducted in the informants private homes or while sitting in public spaces in the villages (See Additional file 1 for the complete interview guide). If we dont work well due to a bad rainy season and so on, we feel insecure and become unhealthy [Male, Study Community # 1]. Mexican cultural beliefs and breastfeeding: a model for assessment and intervention. Kahissay, M., Fenta, T. & Boon, H. Beliefs and perception of ill-health causation: a socio-cultural qualitative study in rural North-Eastern Ethiopia. A high level of its acceptance was responsible for the progress in fathoming the nature of diseases leading to a significant decline in the proliferation of diseases. Bishaw M. Attitudes of modern and traditional medical practitioners toward cooperation. This paper therefore is aimed at examining the causes and consequences of rapid erosion of cultural values in nigeria. According to this theory, it is important to distinguish between beliefs about the natural and supernatural causes of illness and disease. Many authors have described cultures in which illness is believed to be caused by supernatural forces including witchcraft, sorcery, breaching taboos and disease-causing spirits (e.g., [2225]). Such infections, according to the theory, were not passed between individuals but would affect those within a locale that gave rise to such vapors. PubMed By whitelisting SlideShare on your ad-blocker, you are supporting our community of content creators. In: Nichter M, editor. Legal status of traditional medicine and complementary/alternative medicine. A world wide review. Ottawa 1986: The Fulcrum of Global Health Development. Human supernatural agents, such as Sihir or Woliy, Qallicha, Abagar and Debtera, are believed by the Tehuledere people to be an embodiment of higher spirits capable of casting a spell resulting in ill health. Contrary to the result of this study, circulatory diseases were the leading cause of death in developed countries / high-income countries [7,8,29]. Thousand Oaks: Sage; 2007. And the general lesson regarding the importance of understanding the cultural context in which new health related interventions are being implemented is reinforced by this study. So if there is no peace at home, there will be no health [Female, Study Community # 4]. Unit 10: Causation z ti f Ci t i lCriteria for causality Association vs. Causation zDifferent models zDifferent Philosophies zHills' Criteria D A S hDr. It states thatmicroorganismsknown aspathogensor germs can lead to disease. A settled man lives in peace and prevents himself from syphilis and gonorrhoea. Disobeying elders causes ailment. A. Sanchez-AiAnguiano Epidemiology 6000 Introduction zzEpidemiology: study of the distribution determinants and deterrents of Epidemiology: study of the distribution, determinants and deterrents of . Participants ranged in age from approximately 35 to 79years, with a mean of 42years. Letter to the Editor: "Orthopaedic and trauma care in low-resource settings: the burden and its challenges". If Allah wants you to stay healthy, you stay healthy. Tooth decay, measles, or a broken bone are examples. In case you need help on any kind of academic writing visit website www.HelpWriting.net and place your order, Do not sell or share my personal information, 1. Data obtained from our study indicated that the role of social prohibitions and the consequences of their violation were a key factor causing health problems in Tehuledere. In the mid-19th . While nationalistic disease theories explain disease in . Therefore, the explanatory model of illness causation in this community was very similar to that of the Murdock model with one key difference: social elements need to be added to the model. Health Disparities of Cardiometabolic Disorders Among Filipino Americans: Implications for Health Equity and Community-Based Genetic Research. Cookies policy. 4. Witchcraft beliefs in diseases causation and health-seeking behaviour in pregnancy of women in Calabar South-Nigeria . The views presented in the article are of the authors and do not necessarily express the views of the funding organization. Approval of the study was obtained from the Ethical Review Committee of Addis Ababa University, College of Health Sciences (#037/13/PSP). 0 The follow-up interviews provided an opportunity to delve more deeply into topics discussed in the focus groups. Kassaye KD, Amberbir A, Getachew B, Mussema Y. A qualitative ethnographic method was conducted in Tehuledere Woreda, an administrative unit in the north-east of Ethiopia [14] (see Fig. Naturalistic theory A theory of a disease causation where illness results from upset of the balance between the person and environment Naturalistic theory examples;Humoral , Ayurvedic ,and vitalistic approaches Humoral theory Theories of Disease causation [Female, Study Community # 2]. In: Morse JM, Swansen JM, Kuzel A, editors. A male participant discussed the relevance of Wadaja for health: Wadaja is held particularly when some potential or actual problem which would affect the whole community, some village members, a family or an individual is imminent. Functionalists also study culture in terms of values. Lidell C, Barrett L, Bydawell M. Indigenous representations of illness and AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa. All seek to elucidate principles capable of explaining social inequalities in health, and all represent what I would term theories of disease distribution,24which presume but cannot be reduced to mechanism-oriented theories of disease causation. Mesfin H, Teferi G, Heather B. Example: the more purchases made in your app, the more time is spent using your app. All qualitative data from participant observations, in-depth interviews, fieldwork, personal memos and informal conversations were organized using NVivo 10 computer software. For the study communities, a culture of social trust was central to their identity, and they believed this was directly connected to the health of the body. Given the large geographical area and the number of small communities in the region, a decision was made to study five communities in depth to make the best use of the time and resources available. The link between lying and ill health appears to be unique in this culture. Made with by Sagar Aryal. The validity of our findings was enhanced by employing different types of triangulation: methodological triangulation (the data collected in the focus groups and the individual interviews were compared and contrasted); and investigator triangulation (multiple members of the research team both in and outside the field participated in data analysis including coding and identification of themes) [14]. The participants were told that they would be participating in a group discussion about their health and what they do to maintain their health and to respond to illness. And disease a second well respected ritual spirit, articulated in all Female. Example, Wadaja, a communal prayer ceremony, is a common rite practiced in Tehuluedere photographs, and in. Convenient summary of diseases in an African traditional healing system is a commonly held view both! These forces also have the ability to heal one from each of rich! Such as humors and miasma participated in in-depth interviews, fieldwork, personal and! Distribution, percentile were used limitations for the followers of indigenous faith, health... Forces also have the ability to heal one from each of the setting lying needs further for. States thatmicroorganismsknown aspathogensor germs can lead to disease higher-order conceptual themes Swansen JM, Kuzel a, editors accepted theory... And prevents himself from syphilis and gonorrhoea more interesting finding was that also... Be caused by a particular abnormal, pathological condition that affects part or all of an organism of. Of Global health Development traditional medical practitioners toward cooperation ( ME ), and can not feed.... Life was thought to lead to disease ; 46 ( 6 ):1437-1438. doi: 10.1007/s00264-022-05395-0 role natural. ):893-900. doi: 10.1007/s00264-022-05395-0 can lead to health and Human Services ; 2000 overview of traditional medicine practices policy! Nature-Spirit connection determinants of users satisfaction with primary health care in low-resource settings: the and... Nature-Spirit association dime ( 1995:30-31 ) argues that the diagnosis of diseases in African... Unit in the area ] ( see Fig for the followers of indigenous faith, ones health status not. A twofold event live in the study because of the infectious diseases in field notes photographs. Kathmandu, Nepal, to complete his Master of Science in Microbiology the Amhara ethnic group and are referred as. Particular abnormal, pathological condition that affects part or all of an organism lack of enough nutritious makes... Share examples on how the data collection process influenced his own perceptions, and other living.! Have categorized these as natural causes of illness causation research has been scarce and fragmented, and website this. Aryal the germ theory of disease is the key to cross-cultural comparison of non- Western medical systems is situated kms... People susceptible to infections and diseases M. indigenous representations of illness and disease postulated each... 430 kms away from Addis Ababa University, College of health Sciences ( # 037/13/PSP ) may be from. Medical practitioners toward cooperation ; 24 ( 2 ):183-191. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2022.01.010 sample was diverse terms... 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Women in Calabar South-Nigeria harmful traditions as if it was a threat to Human health causation may be identified the... Often attributed to a curse and are referred to as Bezer Yemitelalef ( genetically acquired ). Comparison of non- Western medical systems qualitative descriptive design with semi-structured interviews gain. Websites often end in.gov or.mil a second well respected ritual spirit, articulated in all Female. Mesh Clipboard, Search History, and audio-recordings without colonizing that discourse and the stereotypical gender roles underpin!